{"id":29831,"date":"2020-12-17T14:42:38","date_gmt":"2020-12-17T19:42:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cccc.org\/news_blogs\/?p=29831"},"modified":"2021-01-08T14:44:19","modified_gmt":"2021-01-08T19:44:19","slug":"charter-rights-101","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/legal\/2020\/12\/17\/charter-rights-101\/","title":{"rendered":"Charter Rights 101"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pps-series-post-details pps-series-post-details-variant-classic pps-series-post-details-38706\" data-series-id=\"440\"><div class=\"pps-series-meta-content\"><div class=\"pps-series-meta-text\">This entry is part 36 of 45 in the series <a href=\"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/series\/covid-19\/\">COVID-19<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<p>In recent days the Manitoba government has prescribed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.mb.ca\/covid19\/restartmb\/prs\/orders\/essential-retail.html\">what items the public is allowed<\/a> and not allowed to buy \u2013 winter boots? Yes. Pumps or running shoes? No. Dog brush? Yes. Dog toy? No. There was also a recent kerfuffle over drive-in worship services. The government initially <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/manitoba\/springs-church-covid-19-manitoba-1.5830024\">opposed<\/a> the services, arguing against them in court, but then <a href=\"https:\/\/news.gov.mb.ca\/news\/?archive=&amp;item=50003\">quickly reversed<\/a> its position, allowing them as a temporary measure. In Ontario, a Toronto church has <a href=\"https:\/\/nationalpost.com\/news\/canada\/toronto-church-files-constitutional-challenge-over-covid-19-restrictions\">sought temporary relief<\/a> against lockdowns while it waits for a full hearing that challenges the constitutionality of those lockdown measures. And in Quebec, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.quebec.ca\/en\/health\/health-issues\/a-z\/2019-coronavirus\/confinement-in-quebec\/\">province-wide curfew <\/a>of 8pm-5am will be imposed as of January 9 with <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn-contenu.quebec.ca\/cdn-contenu\/sante\/documents\/Problemes_de_sante\/covid-19\/Confinement\/Attestation_Deplacement_Couvre-feu_.docx?1610042655\">workers required to show papers<\/a> to prove any curfew travel is legitimate, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.quebec.ca\/en\/health\/health-issues\/a-z\/2019-coronavirus\/answers-questions-coronavirus-covid19\/confinement-instructions-symptoms-treatments-covid-19\/#collapse-81051\">spouses who live apart<\/a> prohibited from traveling during curfew to see one another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With severe restrictions on liberty that are in a constant state of flux, it\u2019s not surprising to find a lot of people wondering \u201cwhat about our <a href=\"http:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/ldsx\"><em>Charter <\/em>rights<\/a>?\u201d In this post, we\u2019re going to look at the <em>Charter<\/em> and how it works: what rights it protects, and how courts consider <em>Charter <\/em>rights claims. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We&#8217;ve created a <a href=\"https:\/\/thegreen.community\/t\/challenges-facing-believers-during-pandemic\/3244\">space in <em>The Green<\/em><\/a> for Christian leaders who want to talk about these issues &#8211; pandemic restrictions, religious freedom, conflicting opinions, uncertainty. Share your thoughts in a space where people are committed to listening well and respecting each other. Please join in!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, as you get started with Charter Rights 101, I&#8217;ll warn you in advance that this post is longer than usual, so you&#8217;re going need a few minutes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Protected Rights<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>Charter <\/em>is part of our constitution. As a constitutional document it is \u2018supreme\u2019 in that all other laws must be consistent with the <em>Charter<\/em>. And while our constitution \u2013 and <em>Charter<\/em> \u2013 are Canada\u2019s \u2018supreme\u2019 documents, the <em>Charter<\/em> actually begins with a preamble recognizing that Canada is \u201cfounded on principles that recognize the supremacy of God and the rule of law.\u201d But before you start planning out a religious freedom claim with this statement in mind, you should know that <a href=\"http:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/gh67c\">the Supreme Court of Canada<\/a> explains it as simply being an articulation of the \u201cpolitical theory on which the <em>Charter\u2019s<\/em> protections are based.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What are those protections? The <em>Charter<\/em> protects seven broad categories of rights:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Fundamental freedoms<\/strong>: freedom of conscience and religion; thought, belief, opinion and expression; peaceful assembly; and association.<\/li><li><strong>Democratic rights<\/strong>: the right to vote, a five-year maximum term for legislative bodies (with exceptions for war, invasion or insurrection) and a minimum once-per-12 months meeting of legislative bodies.<\/li><li><strong>Mobility rights<\/strong>: citizens have the right to enter, remain in or leave Canada; to move from province to province and to look for work in any province.<\/li><li><strong>Legal rights<\/strong>: apply most directly to interactions with the justice system and include rights like knowing why you\u2019re being arrested, the right to counsel, to not be arbitrarily detained, to be protected against unreasonable searches, to be tried within a reasonable period of time, and to the rights of life, liberty and security of the person.<\/li><li><strong>Equality rights<\/strong>: provide for equal protection and benefit of the law without discrimination on the basis of certain, listed (and unlisted but added through court decisions) characteristics like race, colour, religion, sex, disability.<\/li><li><strong>Language rights<\/strong>: entrench English and French as the official languages of Canada. Related, citizens have the right for their children to be educated in the minority language in a province.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Application of Rights<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>Charter<\/em> applies to the federal and provincial governments. It doesn\u2019t apply to your neighbour. \u201cGovernment\u201d includes legislation, direct government actors, and government actors by virtue of legislative control\/authority. If the government decided to close religious private schools but not public schools and not other private schools, that would raise <em>Charter <\/em>claims. If your neighbour vehemently opposes religious schools, thinks they should all be permanently closed and publicly promotes that view, that would not raise a <em>Charter <\/em>claim. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It also doesn\u2019t usually apply to private entities.* Business owners, non-government service providers and employers are not obliged to adhere to the <em>Charter<\/em>. They are obliged to follow human rights codes. These codes or acts often provide similar protections and are usually informed by how we understand <em>Charter <\/em>rights, but the general rule is that you can\u2019t make a <em>Charter <\/em>rights claim against a non-government entity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>*There are some grey, \u201cmiddle ground\u201d areas. If an entity exercises government functions or implements government programs, the <em>Charter<\/em> would apply. It\u2019s a context-specific question that looks at the nature of the activity to decide whether it is truly governmental in nature. For example, the <em>Charter<\/em> has not been applied to a <a href=\"http:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/1fsqk\">university\u2019s mandatory retirement policy<\/a>, but has been applied to a <a href=\"http:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/j4c8s\">university\u2019s regulation of freedom of expression<\/a> by students on university grounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Claiming Rights<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Whoever is claiming a <em>Charter <\/em>right has to prove that the right has been infringed. For example, a religious freedom claimant&nbsp; <a href=\"http:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/1hddh\">needs to show<\/a> that (1) she sincerely believes in a belief or practice that has a nexus with religion and (2) the law or rule interferes with her ability to act in accordance with her beliefs in a way that is more than trivial or insubstantial. That means the beliefs or practice must reasonably or actually be threatened.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other rights have other tests. The test for an infringement of religious freedom is not the same as, for example, the test for expression or equality.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But just proving an infringement doesn\u2019t end the analysis. If the right has been infringed, the obligation (or \u201conus\u201d) shifts to the government to try and show that the infringement is justified. This is necessary because no right is \u2013 or can be \u2013 absolute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Justifying Rights Infringements<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Section 1 of the <em>Charter <\/em>allows <em>Charter<\/em> rights to be infringed when the limits are \u201cprescribed by law\u201d and \u201ccan be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What does that mean? In a <a href=\"http:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/1ftv6\">1986 decision<\/a> known as <em>Oakes<\/em>, the Supreme Court of Canada set out a test to practically apply section 1 and figure out whether rights infringements can be justified. The <em>Oakes<\/em> test has a few parts and we\u2019ll quickly walk through each (volumes could be written on each component, so what follows here is only an overview!).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step One: Is the limit prescribed by law?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>What does it mean for a limit to be prescribed by law? This part of the test basically asks first, whether the limit is authorized by law, as opposed to being arbitrary; and second, whether the limit is precise, accessible, and clear enough so that people can regulate their conduct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This isn\u2019t a high hurdle to pass and to fail the law or rule limiting the right would have to be so obscure that it is \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/24cnk\">incapable of interpretation with any degree of precision<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step Two: Is the limit reasonable?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This step has a number of sub-steps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is the objective pressing and substantial?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This asks whether the objective of the law or rule is sufficiently important to justify overriding a constitutionally protected right or freedom. At this stage the consequences aren\u2019t yet taken into account. It simply asks what the law is trying to accomplish and could that be important enough that rights would need to acquiesce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is the limit rationally connected to the objective?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Another way to phrase this is whether the law is carefully designed to achieve the objective (which is pressing and substantial). There must be a causal connection between the infringement and the benefit sought, asking whether the rights-limiting measure can further the objective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is the limit minimally impairing?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Another way to phrase this is whether the law impairs the <em>Charter<\/em> right as little as possible. It doesn\u2019t have to be perfect, but the government would have to provide an explanation if a significantly less intrusive and equally effective measure was not chosen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is there proportionality?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Another way to phrase this is whether the overall effect of the law on the claimants is disproportionate to the objective. Is the harm from infringing the right outweighed by the benefits associated with the rule in a proportional way?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Claiming &amp; Justifying Rights Infringements: An Example<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s take the steps outlined above and go through them in a real case. In <a href=\"http:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/j9p6v\"><em>Taylor v Newfoundland and Labrador<\/em><\/a>, Kim Taylor, along with the <a href=\"https:\/\/ccla.org\/nl-travel-ban\/\">Canadian Civil Liberties Association<\/a> (CCLA), challenged COVID-19 related travel bans. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Section <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/nl\/laws\/stat\/snl-2018-c-p-37.3\/latest\/snl-2018-c-p-37.3.html#sec28\">s 28(1)(h)<\/a> of the <em><a href=\"http:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/54bfs\">Public Health Protection and Promotion Act<\/a><\/em> (<em>PHPPA<\/em>) authorizes the Chief Medical Officer to restrict travel to the province. In April 2020, a \u201cSpecial Measures Order\u201d was issued that limited entry to residents, asymptomatic workers and those in extenuating circumstances, with a second \u201cSpecial Measures Order\u201d modestly expanding the list of circumstances considered extenuating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taylor sought an exemption after her mother unexpectedly passed away. She made arrangements to self-isolate for 14 days after arriving in Newfoundland from her residence in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and for the funeral to take place after that period. Her request was denied. She submitted a request for reconsideration, and she was ultimately granted entry, but only after the funeral had taken place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the court challenge, Taylor argued two things. First, that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/nl\/laws\/stat\/snl-2018-c-p-37.3\/latest\/snl-2018-c-p-37.3.html#sec28\">s 28(1)(h)<\/a> of the <em>PHPPA<\/em> was outside the province\u2019s scope of constitutional authority and that by restricting all travel it violated her s 6 <em>Charter <\/em>right to mobility. Second, that the province\u2019s decision to deny her entry to attend her mother\u2019s funeral violated her s 7 <em>Charter <\/em>rights to life, liberty and security of the person. The CCLA also tried to challenge investigative and enforcement provisions but the court did not give CCLA standing (the right to) challenge those additional sections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Claiming the Right<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After reviewing the history of s 6 mobility rights in Canadian court decisions, the court in this case found the claim was to \u201ca simple right of mobility\u201d to travel within Canada and that Taylor\u2019s right was infringed when she was denied entry. Section 6 is a \u201cright of action,\u201d the \u201cright to choose,\u201d the \u201cright to travel for livelihood or residence,\u201d the \u201cright to come and go\u201d as one pleases. Section 6 does not limit mobility rights to a certain part of Canada or to someone\u2019s province of residence. And, the court asked rhetorically, how does someone exercise this right \u201cwithout the ability to traverse provincial and territorial boundaries?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Section 7 of the <em>Charter<\/em> protects the life, liberty and security of the person. Underlying liberty and security of the person is a concern for the protection of autonomy and dignity; the right to make fundamental personal choices free from state interference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The court disagreed that Taylor\u2019s s 7 rights were infringed because the rights usually protected under this section \u201care qualitatively different\u201d than the choice to attend a family funeral. Taylor was unable to demonstrate an infringement of her s 7 rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Justifying the Infringement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In this case, the s 7 rights didn\u2019t move on to the justification stage because the court disagreed they were violated. The s 6 rights were violated, and the question then became whether that violation was justified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step One: Is the limit prescribed by law?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>PHHPA<\/em> is a piece of legislation, which makes the answer here an easy \u201cyes\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step Two: Is the limit reasonable?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is the objective pressing and substantial?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The court held that the objective of the travel ban was \u201cto prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the province\u201d and that \u201cthe existence of COVID-19 as a public health emergency is beyond question.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is the limit rationally connected to the objective?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Taylor argued that the government failed to show why the requirement for self-isolation was insufficient to address its concern, noting that the government had \u201calready been successful at flattening the curve.\u201d The government used modeling to justify its policy and decision. While the government is supposed to bear the burden of proof to justify rights limitations, the court commented that \u201cno evidence has been adduced to counter [the government\u2019s] conclusion\u201d or question the modeling methodology. Based on the uncontradicted evidence, the court held it was \u201cbeyond argument\u201d that the restriction was an effective means to meet the objective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is the minimally impairing?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The court accepted that a \u201cpandemic is not a magic wand which can be waved to make constitutional rights disappear\u201d or immunize a decision of the Chief Medical Officer from review. However, the court also found that even though other measures were taken, based on the evidence presented, none of them were effective substitutes for the travel ban. The travel ban was \u201cintegral\u201d to \u201cwrestling this disease into submission\u201d and it satisfied \u201cthe least drastic means component\u201d of the test.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is there proportionality?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In a perfunctory analysis on this point, the court found \u201cwhile restrictions on personal travel may cause mental anguish to some, and certainly did so in the case of Ms. Taylor, the collective benefit to the population as a whole must prevail.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the end, the government succeeded in justifying the rights violation. Ms. Taylor\u2019s application was dismissed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>And that, patient readers, in a nutshell is how a real-life <em>Charter<\/em> rights claim was analyzed. What can we learn? Evidence is exceedingly important, and even though a claimant doesn\u2019t bear the burden of <em>dis<\/em>proving a justification, leaving evidence uncontradicted will not help your case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Charter <\/em>challenges are always, well, a challenge. But from this example we learn that in the context of COVID-19 claimants have an even greater uphill battle. It may be clear that certain <em>Charter<\/em> rights, from association to mobility, are infringed by government regulations. On the question of religious freedom under COVID restrictions, see Professor Brian Bird&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/vancouversun.com\/opinion\/brian-bird-the-ban-on-in-person-worship-continues-in-b-c-along-with-the-wait-for-a-compelling-reason-why\">recent column in the Vancouver Sun<\/a>. Establishing an infringement is only the first step in making a <em>Charter<\/em> claim \u2013 it doesn\u2019t necessarily mean that the courts will grant a remedy or overturn restrictions. The more difficult task is to demonstrate whether the infringement is justified in a free and democratic society given the deference of courts to public health officials, and the weight given to government objectives during the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Join the Conversation!<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>We would love to hear how you are wrestling with the questions around pandemic restrictions and religious freedoms. And we would love to hear how you are continuing to deliver the Gospel during pandemic restrictions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We&#8217;ve created a <a href=\"https:\/\/thegreen.community\/t\/challenges-facing-believers-during-pandemic\/3244\">space in <em>The Green<\/em><\/a> for Christian leaders who are willing to talk to each other, listen to each other, and develop a respectful and stimulating dialogue. Please joins us! We would love to hear your questions and have you share your ideas.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pps-series-post-details pps-series-post-details-variant-classic pps-series-post-details-38706 pps-series-meta-excerpt\" data-series-id=\"440\"><div class=\"pps-series-meta-content\"><div class=\"pps-series-meta-text\">This entry is part 36 of 45 in the series <a href=\"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/series\/covid-19\/\">COVID-19<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><p>In recent days the Manitoba government has prescribed what items the public is allowed and not allowed to buy \u2013 winter boots? Yes. Pumps or running shoes? No. Dog brush? Yes. Dog toy? No. There was also a recent kerfuffle over drive-in worship services. The government initially opposed the services,&#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/legal\/2020\/12\/17\/charter-rights-101\/\" class=\"linkbutton\">More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":29763,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ts_fic_featured_image_caption":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[436,137],"tags":[398,399,435,478,207,391],"series":[440],"class_list":["post-29831","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-covid-19","category-uncategorized","tag-charter-of-rights-and-freedoms","tag-charter-rights","tag-covid-19","tag-manitoba","tag-ontario","tag-supreme-court-of-canada","series-covid-19"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Charter Rights 101 - CCCC Blogs<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"COVID restrictions have some asking, \u201cwhat about our Charter rights?\u201d Here we look at how Charter rights work, what they protect and how courts consider Charter claims.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cccc.org\/news_blogs\/legal\/2020\/12\/17\/charter-rights-101\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Charter Rights 101 - 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Hayani\u00a02019 ONCA 805) written by Justice Bradley Miller on behalf of the unanimous court.\u00a0 Taquisha McKitty, 27, was on life support\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"law and religion\"","block_context":{"text":"law and religion","link":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/tag\/law-and-religion\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/IMG_3008.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/IMG_3008.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/IMG_3008.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/IMG_3008.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/IMG_3008.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":27716,"url":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/intersection\/2018\/06\/20\/the-constitutional-promise-of-religious-freedom-betrayed\/","url_meta":{"origin":29831,"position":1},"title":"The Constitutional Promise of Religious Freedom Betrayed","author":"cccc","date":"June 20, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Y7ESLUvcM9U June 15, 2018, will go down in history as the day that the constitutional promise of religious freedom was betrayed.\u00a0\u00a0In the next few minutes I will explain why. The Supreme Court of Canada released two decisions against Trinity Western University\u2019s bid to have a law school, one involving the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\"","block_context":{"text":"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms","link":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/tag\/canadian-charter-of-rights-and-freedoms\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG_5851.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG_5851.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG_5851.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG_5851.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG_5851.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":37937,"url":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/legal\/2024\/07\/12\/court-of-appeal-dismisses-charter-challenge-of-cra-audit\/","url_meta":{"origin":29831,"position":2},"title":"Court of Appeal Dismisses Charter Challenge of CRA Audit","author":"Deina Warren","date":"July 12, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Last fall, we let you know about an Ontario Superior Court decision that dismissed a Charter challenge of Canada Revenue Agency\u2019s (CRA) Review and Analysis Division (RAD) audit process because the case was made too early, or prematurely. We also noted that the decision was appealed to the Ontario Court\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"audits\"","block_context":{"text":"audits","link":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/tag\/audits\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/BulletinSeptBlog2.png?fit=1080%2C1080&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/BulletinSeptBlog2.png?fit=1080%2C1080&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/BulletinSeptBlog2.png?fit=1080%2C1080&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/BulletinSeptBlog2.png?fit=1080%2C1080&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/BulletinSeptBlog2.png?fit=1080%2C1080&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":28641,"url":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/intersection\/2019\/11\/22\/getting-serious-about-conscience-rights\/","url_meta":{"origin":29831,"position":3},"title":"Getting Serious About Conscience Rights","author":"cccc","date":"November 22, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"We need, more than ever, to get serious about conscience rights in this country.\u00a0In a recent decision, the Ontario Court of Appeal denied physicians accommodation for their conscientious beliefs.\u00a0An Alberta MLA (Dan Williams) with foresight could see that that decision could mark the beginning of an assault on conscience and\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":26851,"url":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/intersection\/2017\/12\/24\/cccc-open-letter-to-minister\/","url_meta":{"origin":29831,"position":4},"title":"CCCC Open Letter To Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Labour","author":"cccc","date":"December 24, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"Honourable Patty Hajdu Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Labour House of Commons Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0A6 Dear Minister Hajdu, The Canadian Council of Christian Charities is concerned about your recent policy change on the Canada Summer Jobs program.\u00a0 It is troubling on a number of accounts including the fact\u2026","rel":"","context":"With 13 comments","block_context":{"text":"With 13 comments","link":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/intersection\/2017\/12\/24\/cccc-open-letter-to-minister\/#comments"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Patty-Hajdu.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":28569,"url":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/intersection\/2019\/10\/11\/charter-values-are-not-charter-rights-by-another-name\/","url_meta":{"origin":29831,"position":5},"title":"Charter Values Are Not Charter Rights By Another Name","author":"cccc","date":"October 11, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cCharter values are not Charter rights by another name or in a different setting; they are a different juridical concept,\u201d wrote Justice Bradley Miller in the recent Ontario Court of Appeal\u2019s McKitty decision. Osgoode Hall, TorontoPhoto Credit: Barry W. Bussey This is but the latest criticism of the controversial use\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Charter Values\"","block_context":{"text":"Charter Values","link":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/tag\/charter-values\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/IMG_3008.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/IMG_3008.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/IMG_3008.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/IMG_3008.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/IMG_3008.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/IMG_3008.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p30X8p-7L9","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29831","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29831"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29831\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29831"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29831"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29831"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cccc.org\/news_blogs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=29831"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}